Visayas State University VSU- not just a school but a home. I sure amazed on how I value my school right now. I can't imagine how I cried before just to study somewhere else. Now I find myself held like that of a DNA strand held by a double helix. I so love my school. This might be the most tedious school I've ever known of, but this is honestly the best.Wednesday, February 10, 2010
Not just a school
Visayas State University VSU- not just a school but a home. I sure amazed on how I value my school right now. I can't imagine how I cried before just to study somewhere else. Now I find myself held like that of a DNA strand held by a double helix. I so love my school. This might be the most tedious school I've ever known of, but this is honestly the best.
Pinoy Media Congress year 5
The year5 of the Pinoy media Congress was held on February 4-5 at PUP, Polytechnic University of the Philippines at santa messa, manila. More than 1,500 students and educators gathered at the bulwagang balagtas to show unity and awareness of the recent day issues. Press freedom was one of the hot topics especially now that election time is near.
I hope I can still join the next pinoy media congress although my course doesn't have anything to do with the event sine I'm a Veterinary medicine Student. The Congress was absolutely fun.
I hope I can still join the next pinoy media congress although my course doesn't have anything to do with the event sine I'm a Veterinary medicine Student. The Congress was absolutely fun.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system- constitutes a network of communication channels that spreads to every part of the body.
- composed of two interrelated systems.
2 types of nervous system
Central nervous system- composed the brain and the spinal cord where the information processed and decisions are made.
Peripheral nervous system- it consists of nerves.
1. Somatic nervous system- consists of both sensory and motor neurons. It controls voluntary movements.
2. Autonomic nervous system- controls the involuntary movements.
Ex. Respiration, circulation, heart intestines, blood vessels and glands.
Basic elements of nervous system
Neuron- basic unit of the nervous system. It is a special nerve tissue which serves a special function.
3 distinct parts of neuron
a. Dendrites
b. The cell body
c. Axon
Dendrites- are found at the end of the cell body. They are fine and tiny hairline structures. It looks like a branch of tree.
Axon-distinct part of the neuron which is found at its other end. Only one axon in neuron.
Axon terminal/end brush- an elongated with one or more in formations at it far ends.
Synaptic transmission- the process of transmitting information from neuron to neuron.
2 types of neurons
(Classified according to length and functions)
a. Long conducting neurons
b. Correlating neurons
Long conducting neurons- has long single dendrites. Pathways of the central nervous system.
Correlating neurons- has short dendrites and axon. Provide many connections and pathways for neural excitations.
Neurons classified as according to their functions in nervous system
a. Sensory- environmental stimuli and information about environments.
b. Association neurons- found between sensory and motor neurons. It conveys impulses from sensory to motor neurons.
c. Motor/efferent neurons- control activities of muscles and glands. It carries nerve impulses.
Nervous system- constitutes a network of communication channels that spreads to every part of the body.
- composed of two interrelated systems.
2 types of nervous system
Central nervous system- composed the brain and the spinal cord where the information processed and decisions are made.
Peripheral nervous system- it consists of nerves.
1. Somatic nervous system- consists of both sensory and motor neurons. It controls voluntary movements.
2. Autonomic nervous system- controls the involuntary movements.
Ex. Respiration, circulation, heart intestines, blood vessels and glands.
Basic elements of nervous system
Neuron- basic unit of the nervous system. It is a special nerve tissue which serves a special function.
3 distinct parts of neuron
a. Dendrites
b. The cell body
c. Axon
Dendrites- are found at the end of the cell body. They are fine and tiny hairline structures. It looks like a branch of tree.
Axon-distinct part of the neuron which is found at its other end. Only one axon in neuron.
Axon terminal/end brush- an elongated with one or more in formations at it far ends.
Synaptic transmission- the process of transmitting information from neuron to neuron.
2 types of neurons
(Classified according to length and functions)
a. Long conducting neurons
b. Correlating neurons
Long conducting neurons- has long single dendrites. Pathways of the central nervous system.
Correlating neurons- has short dendrites and axon. Provide many connections and pathways for neural excitations.
Neurons classified as according to their functions in nervous system
a. Sensory- environmental stimuli and information about environments.
b. Association neurons- found between sensory and motor neurons. It conveys impulses from sensory to motor neurons.
c. Motor/efferent neurons- control activities of muscles and glands. It carries nerve impulses.
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
here's a summary on my Psych11 reporting on altered states of consc
Consciousnesss
- the awareness of thought, sensations, and feelings.
Factors influencing states of consciousness:
1. Aspects of consciousness
a. Consciousness is a process
b. Usually marked by a subjective awareness
c. The reality of consciousness
2. Biological Rhythms
a. Circadian Rhythms
- patterns of activity in the body that are regularly repeated.
Points to consider about the BIOLOGICAL CYCLES:
1. Length of the cycle
2. The individual’s variability
3. Human activity cycle
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
I. SLEEP
- The pause that refreshes
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS of SLEEP:
1. Kalat (1986-128) proposed 2 theories:
a. The repair and restoration Theory
- states that the body, after working the whole day, has to be repaired and restored of whatever has been worn out.
b. The Evolutionary Theory
- thought of as an instinctive response which is useful to keep us out in danger.
2. McConnell (1986-58)
a. Sleep as adaptive response
b. Sleep as restorative response
Raphe system - responsible for arousal in the brain
SLEEP STAGES:
Stage 0 (pre-sleep stage)
Stage 1 – sleep becomes deep
Stage 2 – characterized by sleep splashes of burst of waves
Stage 3 – characterized by brain waves and sleep spindles tend to disappear
Stage 4 – person will lose consciousness
- person will experience his deepest sleep
REM (Rapid eye movement)
- comes after the 4th stage
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION:
1. Signs of irritability and impulsiveness
2. Reaction will be slower
3. Poorer intellectual intelligence
4. Apathy
SLEEP DISORDERS:
1. Narcolepsy
- Sleep attack
2. Insomnia
- suffers from real and imagined failures of the sleep
4 Main Types:
a. sleep-onset insomnia
b. sleep-awakening
c. early termination
d. light sleep insomnia
3. Sleep Walking
- occurs at stage 4, mostly during late childhood
4. Sleep Talking
- occurs at stage 0,talking while sleeping
5. Apnea
- characterized by labored breathing while sleeping leading to gasping, wheezing,
snoring sounds
6. Bedwetting
- most common type of sleep disorder, and occurs in stage 4 at REM sleep.
II. DREAMS
- Conscious series of images
FUNCTIONS:
a. Biological – people dream in order to remain asleep
b. Psychological – people dream in order to become awake
KINDS OF DREAMS:
1. Lucid Dreaming – act of maintaining some low level of consciousness
2. Nightmares – the body will seldom be aroused to a panic state
2 types of nightmares:
a. Night terror – begins at 4th stage
b. Anxiety nightmares – usually occurs when a person is recovering from sickness.
3. Daydreams – kind of fantasy or wishful thinking.
-sometimes it is a good motivation for a person.
2 types of QUALITATIVE DAYDREAMS:
1. Positive – motivation for creative thinking.
- provides outlets for our frustrations, anger, boredom, and other emotions.
2. Negative – distracting
- fear of failure, lead to doubt one’s worth and ability.
III. HYPNOSIS
- State of narrowly focused attention in which the hypnotized person somehow becomes
extremely suggestible. (McConnell 1986)
- a condition or state allied to normal sleep which can be artificially induced and is
characterized by marked susceptibly to suggestion and considerable loss of will power and
sensation.
Techniques:
1. Light interaction
2. Deep, sensory, and motor functions
3. Use verbal persuasiveness to introduce a trance.
Somnambulistic – the appearance of being awake though consciousness is under the control of
the hypnotist.
2 THEORIES OF THE MECHANISM OF HYPNOTISM:
1. The Disassociation Theory
- states that the brain systems are independent and isolated.
- controls shifting from normal control system to another system during the
trance.
2. Role Behavior Theory
- explains that hypnosis is simply a result of suggestibility motivating instructions.
McConnell (1986)
- Hypnosis is partly made up of role playing and learning how to control the way you perceive your sensory inputs.
IV. MEDITATION &nb sp;
- most ancient technique for inducing an altered state of consciousness without the use of drugs.
- Resting
- The person focuses his attention on a particular sound or image, breathing deeply, and relaxing his muscle.
V. BIOFEEDBACK
- a trial and error method
The value of this method:
a. certain kinds of learning come more easily during the hypnagogic consciousness and thereby achieve better adjustment in life.
b. strong sensation and vivid imagination that can happen during this state.
VI. DRUGS
- used as a direct method to increase or decrease the activities of the neurons.
- is any substance that can affect the body functions.
- They are taken in small doses that significantly increases or decreases cellular activities in the body.
- it can affect the sensory inputs, the central processing, the motor activity, and the mental processes of the body when taken.
Classification of drugs:
I. STIMULANTS
- drugs that can affect the body’s activity level.
- known as “uppers” and “downers”
A. Uppers
a. Caffeine - most common type of uppers.
b. Amphetamines or pep pills – more dangerous than any other uppers because it can cause
paranoid schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder.
B. Downers
a. Barbiturates – strongest downers.
- Sometimes called the “sleeping pills “
General effects of stimulants in the person’s body activity level:
- Inhibit neutral activity and put a person to sleep.
- Slows heartbeat and retarded breathing
- Slows down mental and physical reaction
- The physical and psychological effects range from mildly unpleasant to immediately deadly.
- Can lead to depression and other types of mental disorders.
Drugs that affect the sensory inputs of the body:
a. Aspirin – type of drug that relieves pain.
b. Analgesics – drugs that can reduce pain.
• Opium poppy – analgesic that inhibits the process painful input in the various neural centers of the brain.
• Opiate – more potent medicine in relieving pain.
• Enkophalin, endorphin, and opliod peptides
• - mild pain killer relievers
• Morphine – comes from opiate, powerful pain killer
• Procaine or novocaine – synthetic forms of cocaine that kill pain by inhibiting neural transmission.
• Cocaine – moderately strong drugs
- made from the leaves of coca plant.
- causes severe damage in throat and nose
Drugs that can affect the central processes of the nervous system:
a. Hallucinogens – capable of producing changes in perception like hallucination.
b .PCP or Angel Dust – replaced LSD and Mescaline as the most abused drugs.
c .LSD and PCP – two strongest hallucinogens.
- causes alteration in the brain and activity perception.
- Distorts time
- Affects the perception of color, sound, and shape
- PCP can cause strong hallucination, and paranoia
d. Paranoia - the users become destructive and violent to others as well as to themselves.
e. Marijuana - useful medicine against :
-high-blood pressure
-tension
-menstrual bleeding
-glaucoma
-Nausea – cancer patients often experience when given chemo.
Strong effect on sensation when the person abused taking marijuana:
-smells are richer
-Most sensory experiences are greatly enhanced or augmented.
-The musical sounds are heard seems to be fuller
-The colors are brighter
-Foods taste better
-Sexual sensations are more intense.
-Time is greatly distorted
Alcohol –affects the motor coordination of the body
-it kills nerve cells
-disrupts motor coordination (muscle movement)
-destroy brain tissues
-changes in behavioral changes w/ chronic drunkenness
-affects speech and encourages emotional outbursts.
DRUGS AFFECT MOTOR COORDINATION:
Moprobamiate – lowers the level of muscular activity
-Increase the output in inhibitory molecules w/ the neuro- muscular synapse.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE USE DRUGS:
Reasons of the adolescents:
-Influence on the peer group
-The need to belong
-The need to relieve monotony, and boredom feelings
-Feelings of inadequacy or emotional problems (such as persistency, anxiety or depression)
Reasons of the older people:
-counteract stress
-disappointment
-frustrations
Consciousnesss
- the awareness of thought, sensations, and feelings.
Factors influencing states of consciousness:
1. Aspects of consciousness
a. Consciousness is a process
b. Usually marked by a subjective awareness
c. The reality of consciousness
2. Biological Rhythms
a. Circadian Rhythms
- patterns of activity in the body that are regularly repeated.
Points to consider about the BIOLOGICAL CYCLES:
1. Length of the cycle
2. The individual’s variability
3. Human activity cycle
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
I. SLEEP
- The pause that refreshes
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS of SLEEP:
1. Kalat (1986-128) proposed 2 theories:
a. The repair and restoration Theory
- states that the body, after working the whole day, has to be repaired and restored of whatever has been worn out.
b. The Evolutionary Theory
- thought of as an instinctive response which is useful to keep us out in danger.
2. McConnell (1986-58)
a. Sleep as adaptive response
b. Sleep as restorative response
Raphe system - responsible for arousal in the brain
SLEEP STAGES:
Stage 0 (pre-sleep stage)
Stage 1 – sleep becomes deep
Stage 2 – characterized by sleep splashes of burst of waves
Stage 3 – characterized by brain waves and sleep spindles tend to disappear
Stage 4 – person will lose consciousness
- person will experience his deepest sleep
REM (Rapid eye movement)
- comes after the 4th stage
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION:
1. Signs of irritability and impulsiveness
2. Reaction will be slower
3. Poorer intellectual intelligence
4. Apathy
SLEEP DISORDERS:
1. Narcolepsy
- Sleep attack
2. Insomnia
- suffers from real and imagined failures of the sleep
4 Main Types:
a. sleep-onset insomnia
b. sleep-awakening
c. early termination
d. light sleep insomnia
3. Sleep Walking
- occurs at stage 4, mostly during late childhood
4. Sleep Talking
- occurs at stage 0,talking while sleeping
5. Apnea
- characterized by labored breathing while sleeping leading to gasping, wheezing,
snoring sounds
6. Bedwetting
- most common type of sleep disorder, and occurs in stage 4 at REM sleep.
II. DREAMS
- Conscious series of images
FUNCTIONS:
a. Biological – people dream in order to remain asleep
b. Psychological – people dream in order to become awake
KINDS OF DREAMS:
1. Lucid Dreaming – act of maintaining some low level of consciousness
2. Nightmares – the body will seldom be aroused to a panic state
2 types of nightmares:
a. Night terror – begins at 4th stage
b. Anxiety nightmares – usually occurs when a person is recovering from sickness.
3. Daydreams – kind of fantasy or wishful thinking.
-sometimes it is a good motivation for a person.
2 types of QUALITATIVE DAYDREAMS:
1. Positive – motivation for creative thinking.
- provides outlets for our frustrations, anger, boredom, and other emotions.
2. Negative – distracting
- fear of failure, lead to doubt one’s worth and ability.
III. HYPNOSIS
- State of narrowly focused attention in which the hypnotized person somehow becomes
extremely suggestible. (McConnell 1986)
- a condition or state allied to normal sleep which can be artificially induced and is
characterized by marked susceptibly to suggestion and considerable loss of will power and
sensation.
Techniques:
1. Light interaction
2. Deep, sensory, and motor functions
3. Use verbal persuasiveness to introduce a trance.
Somnambulistic – the appearance of being awake though consciousness is under the control of
the hypnotist.
2 THEORIES OF THE MECHANISM OF HYPNOTISM:
1. The Disassociation Theory
- states that the brain systems are independent and isolated.
- controls shifting from normal control system to another system during the
trance.
2. Role Behavior Theory
- explains that hypnosis is simply a result of suggestibility motivating instructions.
McConnell (1986)
- Hypnosis is partly made up of role playing and learning how to control the way you perceive your sensory inputs.
IV. MEDITATION &nb sp;
- most ancient technique for inducing an altered state of consciousness without the use of drugs.
- Resting
- The person focuses his attention on a particular sound or image, breathing deeply, and relaxing his muscle.
V. BIOFEEDBACK
- a trial and error method
The value of this method:
a. certain kinds of learning come more easily during the hypnagogic consciousness and thereby achieve better adjustment in life.
b. strong sensation and vivid imagination that can happen during this state.
VI. DRUGS
- used as a direct method to increase or decrease the activities of the neurons.
- is any substance that can affect the body functions.
- They are taken in small doses that significantly increases or decreases cellular activities in the body.
- it can affect the sensory inputs, the central processing, the motor activity, and the mental processes of the body when taken.
Classification of drugs:
I. STIMULANTS
- drugs that can affect the body’s activity level.
- known as “uppers” and “downers”
A. Uppers
a. Caffeine - most common type of uppers.
b. Amphetamines or pep pills – more dangerous than any other uppers because it can cause
paranoid schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder.
B. Downers
a. Barbiturates – strongest downers.
- Sometimes called the “sleeping pills “
General effects of stimulants in the person’s body activity level:
- Inhibit neutral activity and put a person to sleep.
- Slows heartbeat and retarded breathing
- Slows down mental and physical reaction
- The physical and psychological effects range from mildly unpleasant to immediately deadly.
- Can lead to depression and other types of mental disorders.
Drugs that affect the sensory inputs of the body:
a. Aspirin – type of drug that relieves pain.
b. Analgesics – drugs that can reduce pain.
• Opium poppy – analgesic that inhibits the process painful input in the various neural centers of the brain.
• Opiate – more potent medicine in relieving pain.
• Enkophalin, endorphin, and opliod peptides
• - mild pain killer relievers
• Morphine – comes from opiate, powerful pain killer
• Procaine or novocaine – synthetic forms of cocaine that kill pain by inhibiting neural transmission.
• Cocaine – moderately strong drugs
- made from the leaves of coca plant.
- causes severe damage in throat and nose
Drugs that can affect the central processes of the nervous system:
a. Hallucinogens – capable of producing changes in perception like hallucination.
b .PCP or Angel Dust – replaced LSD and Mescaline as the most abused drugs.
c .LSD and PCP – two strongest hallucinogens.
- causes alteration in the brain and activity perception.
- Distorts time
- Affects the perception of color, sound, and shape
- PCP can cause strong hallucination, and paranoia
d. Paranoia - the users become destructive and violent to others as well as to themselves.
e. Marijuana - useful medicine against :
-high-blood pressure
-tension
-menstrual bleeding
-glaucoma
-Nausea – cancer patients often experience when given chemo.
Strong effect on sensation when the person abused taking marijuana:
-smells are richer
-Most sensory experiences are greatly enhanced or augmented.
-The musical sounds are heard seems to be fuller
-The colors are brighter
-Foods taste better
-Sexual sensations are more intense.
-Time is greatly distorted
Alcohol –affects the motor coordination of the body
-it kills nerve cells
-disrupts motor coordination (muscle movement)
-destroy brain tissues
-changes in behavioral changes w/ chronic drunkenness
-affects speech and encourages emotional outbursts.
DRUGS AFFECT MOTOR COORDINATION:
Moprobamiate – lowers the level of muscular activity
-Increase the output in inhibitory molecules w/ the neuro- muscular synapse.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE USE DRUGS:
Reasons of the adolescents:
-Influence on the peer group
-The need to belong
-The need to relieve monotony, and boredom feelings
-Feelings of inadequacy or emotional problems (such as persistency, anxiety or depression)
Reasons of the older people:
-counteract stress
-disappointment
-frustrations
Motivation and Emotion
Nature and Meaning of motivation
The nature of motivation:
• Motivation is not dichotomous
o Little utility in thinking a student “is” or “is not” motivated.
• Motivation is dynamic and continuous
o It is a probability that an individual will engage in and maintain a certain activity.
• Motivation is therefore subject to numerous factors
o Instructors have no affect on some factors but may have significant affects on other factors.
Motivation- comes from the the Latin word “movere” which means to move.
- is a desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy to work towards.
- it process that initiate, sustain and direct behavior.
- aspect of human behavior that deals with understanding human beings behave the
way they do.
The Motivation Cycle
Motivation Cycle- one goal leads to to other drives.
Abraham Maslow- expressed the increasing need of human being in a hierarchal order.
Maslow's Hierarchical Needs
Self – actualization or self fulfillment
Esteem need or need for self respect
Love and belongingness or need of appreciation
Safety and security needs or need for stability and order
Physiological needs, such as need for food water and air.
• Kinds of Motives or Drives:
• Physiological drives or motives – these drives are inborn and present and birth
• The Hunger drives – this is perhaps the first need that need the human being satisfies at birth.
• Thirst -the thirst drives is much stronger than the hunger drive.
• Oxygen need or air hunger – a need more powerful tan either hunger or thirst is the need for oxygen, more commonly referred to as their hunger.
• Fatigue – drives which motivates people to action
• Rest and Sleep – drives that one form of getting rid of fatigue, but it is not the same at rest.
• Avoidance of pain – the study of pain perception reveals that pain sensation are received by a variety of nerve ending.
• Elimination drive – the pressure or distention in these organs tends to stimulate th drive to empty them.
• Sex drive – this drive is not essential to life, but it is responsible for the preservation of the species.
• The maternal drives – all mammal mother, including the human mother, manifest the maternal drive in taking care of their young.
• Warmth and Cold – the perception of warmth and cold is a drive for behavior.
• Physiological and social Drives – a drives thought to be connected with the nomoestatic regulatory mechanism of the body.
• Parent – child motives – human infants cannot meet their physiological needs by themselves.
• Peer group relations – the affiliation motive – the social adjustment of the individual will depend on the extent to which these motives are satisfied.
• Motives related to competence and self – the first of these motives is achievement motivation or the desire to accomplish something.
Motivation and Emotions
• Development of Motives
Punishment and reward in development
Secondary reinforcement and development
• Nature and Definition of Emotion:
Emotion – comes from the Latin verb “emovere” which means to stip up, agitate, upset or move.
• emotion has been recognized as an integrated reaction both internal and external bodily changes.
• It is also involves a changes in the minute physiological, neural and glandular changes in the entire human being, not just a part of him.
• Emotion is, therefore, experienced by the entire person.
• Theories of Emotion
James Lange theory of emotion – a theory which states that when the object is perceived, physiological changes occur, the emotion follows.
- this theory was proposed in two different places one in America, the other in Denmark
• William James – the famous American philosopher and psychologist, proposed a theory of emotion which was rather different from the ordinary or common sense concept of how an emotion is felt.
- he proposed the ff. Steps in an emotional experiences
1.) the person perceives the situation that evokes the emotion
2.) he become aware of the emotion; then he reacts to the emotion.
3.) We realize we are afraid and a feel afraid.
• Carl G. Lange – A Danish physiologist and psychologist working independent of William James, also prosed the same explanation of the occurrence of an emotion.
• Hypothalamic Theory of emotion – a theory that identifies the hypothalamus as the control center of neutral activity involved in emotion
hypothalamus – is the control center of the neural activity involved in emotion
Walter B. Canon – noted that physiological changes accompanied different emotion hence bodily change alone could not account for the different human feeling ( Dworetzky 1985 ).
According to some researches, the main contribution of this theory is the recognition that a control center for emotion is located in the hypothalamus
• Schachter and Singer's theory of Emotion – a given body state lads to different emotions depending on interpretation
S. Schachter and R. Singer – asserted the emotions reflect how we intercept autonomic arousal in the light of all the information we have about ourselves and the situation.
In short, this theory proposed that a given body state could lead to different emotions depending on how you interpret the states.
• Lzarus's Cognitive theory
Arnold Lazarus ( Feb. 1984 ) - American psychologist says that “ an emotion is not definable sorely be behavior, subjective reports, or physiological changes.
Lazarus was led to this theory by the ff. fact;
a. you can experience “arousal” just by exercising
b. you can experience “feeling” that are not really emotions.
c. You can learn to behave in a stereo-typed manner that will make others presume you are experiencing an emotion when you are really just faking it . You can observe actors and other performers do this all the time.
• Synthesis of the Different Theories of Emotion
o 1st it is not capable that emotional behavior involves variations in reticular activation, pattern of physiological changes, specialized bodily expression and movements.
o 2nd all components interact in a feedback controlled process, sometimes leading to heightened levels of activity and enhancements of motives.
o 3rd the automatic nervous system plays an important role in the function of emotions.
o 4th there is ample evidence to show that the hypothalamus is the seat of the emotions.
o 5th learning plays an important role in the acquisition of emotion responses.
o 6th there are are behavioral expressions of emotions.
o 7th a given body state could lead to different emotions depending on how you interpret the state.
• Aspects of Emotion
• there are three aspects of emotion namely: Physiological Changes, Emotional Behavior, and Personal Emotional Experience.
o Physiological Aspect
- there are organs of our body that are affected among the physiological changes caused by emotion. ( Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Nervous System.)
• Facial Expression
- these are the animals facial expression s that are modified into humans facial expressions like ( decision, mockery, scorn, or anger ).
- hissing, growling, snarling, barking or display of the teeth.
- Many of this expression also are becoming universal because, one can tell easily by the expression of the face whether a person is happy, sad, eager, or angry regardless on his/ here face.
• Vocal Expression
Emotional Behavior
Personal Emotional Experience
• Classification of Emotion
• Basic vs. Derived Emotion
• Mild vs. Intense Emotion
• Pleasant vs. Unpleasantness emotions
• Positive vs Negative Emotions
• Fear
• Anger
• Love
• Control of Emotion.
The nature of motivation:
• Motivation is not dichotomous
o Little utility in thinking a student “is” or “is not” motivated.
• Motivation is dynamic and continuous
o It is a probability that an individual will engage in and maintain a certain activity.
• Motivation is therefore subject to numerous factors
o Instructors have no affect on some factors but may have significant affects on other factors.
Motivation- comes from the the Latin word “movere” which means to move.
- is a desire to achieve a goal, combined with the energy to work towards.
- it process that initiate, sustain and direct behavior.
- aspect of human behavior that deals with understanding human beings behave the
way they do.
The Motivation Cycle
Motivation Cycle- one goal leads to to other drives.
Abraham Maslow- expressed the increasing need of human being in a hierarchal order.
Maslow's Hierarchical Needs
Self – actualization or self fulfillment
Esteem need or need for self respect
Love and belongingness or need of appreciation
Safety and security needs or need for stability and order
Physiological needs, such as need for food water and air.
• Kinds of Motives or Drives:
• Physiological drives or motives – these drives are inborn and present and birth
• The Hunger drives – this is perhaps the first need that need the human being satisfies at birth.
• Thirst -the thirst drives is much stronger than the hunger drive.
• Oxygen need or air hunger – a need more powerful tan either hunger or thirst is the need for oxygen, more commonly referred to as their hunger.
• Fatigue – drives which motivates people to action
• Rest and Sleep – drives that one form of getting rid of fatigue, but it is not the same at rest.
• Avoidance of pain – the study of pain perception reveals that pain sensation are received by a variety of nerve ending.
• Elimination drive – the pressure or distention in these organs tends to stimulate th drive to empty them.
• Sex drive – this drive is not essential to life, but it is responsible for the preservation of the species.
• The maternal drives – all mammal mother, including the human mother, manifest the maternal drive in taking care of their young.
• Warmth and Cold – the perception of warmth and cold is a drive for behavior.
• Physiological and social Drives – a drives thought to be connected with the nomoestatic regulatory mechanism of the body.
• Parent – child motives – human infants cannot meet their physiological needs by themselves.
• Peer group relations – the affiliation motive – the social adjustment of the individual will depend on the extent to which these motives are satisfied.
• Motives related to competence and self – the first of these motives is achievement motivation or the desire to accomplish something.
Motivation and Emotions
• Development of Motives
Punishment and reward in development
Secondary reinforcement and development
• Nature and Definition of Emotion:
Emotion – comes from the Latin verb “emovere” which means to stip up, agitate, upset or move.
• emotion has been recognized as an integrated reaction both internal and external bodily changes.
• It is also involves a changes in the minute physiological, neural and glandular changes in the entire human being, not just a part of him.
• Emotion is, therefore, experienced by the entire person.
• Theories of Emotion
James Lange theory of emotion – a theory which states that when the object is perceived, physiological changes occur, the emotion follows.
- this theory was proposed in two different places one in America, the other in Denmark
• William James – the famous American philosopher and psychologist, proposed a theory of emotion which was rather different from the ordinary or common sense concept of how an emotion is felt.
- he proposed the ff. Steps in an emotional experiences
1.) the person perceives the situation that evokes the emotion
2.) he become aware of the emotion; then he reacts to the emotion.
3.) We realize we are afraid and a feel afraid.
• Carl G. Lange – A Danish physiologist and psychologist working independent of William James, also prosed the same explanation of the occurrence of an emotion.
• Hypothalamic Theory of emotion – a theory that identifies the hypothalamus as the control center of neutral activity involved in emotion
hypothalamus – is the control center of the neural activity involved in emotion
Walter B. Canon – noted that physiological changes accompanied different emotion hence bodily change alone could not account for the different human feeling ( Dworetzky 1985 ).
According to some researches, the main contribution of this theory is the recognition that a control center for emotion is located in the hypothalamus
• Schachter and Singer's theory of Emotion – a given body state lads to different emotions depending on interpretation
S. Schachter and R. Singer – asserted the emotions reflect how we intercept autonomic arousal in the light of all the information we have about ourselves and the situation.
In short, this theory proposed that a given body state could lead to different emotions depending on how you interpret the states.
• Lzarus's Cognitive theory
Arnold Lazarus ( Feb. 1984 ) - American psychologist says that “ an emotion is not definable sorely be behavior, subjective reports, or physiological changes.
Lazarus was led to this theory by the ff. fact;
a. you can experience “arousal” just by exercising
b. you can experience “feeling” that are not really emotions.
c. You can learn to behave in a stereo-typed manner that will make others presume you are experiencing an emotion when you are really just faking it . You can observe actors and other performers do this all the time.
• Synthesis of the Different Theories of Emotion
o 1st it is not capable that emotional behavior involves variations in reticular activation, pattern of physiological changes, specialized bodily expression and movements.
o 2nd all components interact in a feedback controlled process, sometimes leading to heightened levels of activity and enhancements of motives.
o 3rd the automatic nervous system plays an important role in the function of emotions.
o 4th there is ample evidence to show that the hypothalamus is the seat of the emotions.
o 5th learning plays an important role in the acquisition of emotion responses.
o 6th there are are behavioral expressions of emotions.
o 7th a given body state could lead to different emotions depending on how you interpret the state.
• Aspects of Emotion
• there are three aspects of emotion namely: Physiological Changes, Emotional Behavior, and Personal Emotional Experience.
o Physiological Aspect
- there are organs of our body that are affected among the physiological changes caused by emotion. ( Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Nervous System.)
• Facial Expression
- these are the animals facial expression s that are modified into humans facial expressions like ( decision, mockery, scorn, or anger ).
- hissing, growling, snarling, barking or display of the teeth.
- Many of this expression also are becoming universal because, one can tell easily by the expression of the face whether a person is happy, sad, eager, or angry regardless on his/ here face.
• Vocal Expression
Emotional Behavior
Personal Emotional Experience
• Classification of Emotion
• Basic vs. Derived Emotion
• Mild vs. Intense Emotion
• Pleasant vs. Unpleasantness emotions
• Positive vs Negative Emotions
• Fear
• Anger
• Love
• Control of Emotion.
Capitalism Detrimental to Social Justice
The task is to argue if capitalism detrimental to social justice. To start the argument I’ll define detrimental according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Detrimental means obviously harmful or damaging, it’s synonymous to the word pernicious.
In my own opinion capitalism is indeed detrimental to social injustice for in capitalism exploitation of the proletariat class is evident. The bourgeoisie or the ruling class controls almost everything; they even act as gods manipulating almost every action of their dummies.
In a capitalistic society as time passes by the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. It’s a sad fact that our own country the Philippines is partly capitalistic and its one of the major reasons why poverty prevails in our Bayang Sinilangan. We celebrate Independence Day yet we forget the essence of true freedom. Most of us have forgotten that our heroes didn’t die just for us to continue being manipulated by the rich foreign countries; acting as friends yet using us unnoticeably. What’s more hurting is that we even exploit our own kind.
Capitalism for me is a ghost that hunts each one of us and will hunt the future generation. It’s hard to run away from the truth, that it’s difficult to break away from the chains of capitalism. Through capitalism the ones who supply raw materials, the farmers the fishermen and other lowly people involved in agriculture are paid less than what they deserve and the ones who buy the materials are over pricing and continuously holding the necks of the proletariat. It’s difficult to move up in the hierarchy of this system to.
Capitalism is detrimental to social justice no matter how we convince ourselves of its posstive effects of it. To minimize if not eradicated capitalism in our country is like a dream that’s as high as Mt. Everest-so difficult to fulfill.
In my own opinion capitalism is indeed detrimental to social injustice for in capitalism exploitation of the proletariat class is evident. The bourgeoisie or the ruling class controls almost everything; they even act as gods manipulating almost every action of their dummies.
In a capitalistic society as time passes by the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer. It’s a sad fact that our own country the Philippines is partly capitalistic and its one of the major reasons why poverty prevails in our Bayang Sinilangan. We celebrate Independence Day yet we forget the essence of true freedom. Most of us have forgotten that our heroes didn’t die just for us to continue being manipulated by the rich foreign countries; acting as friends yet using us unnoticeably. What’s more hurting is that we even exploit our own kind.
Capitalism for me is a ghost that hunts each one of us and will hunt the future generation. It’s hard to run away from the truth, that it’s difficult to break away from the chains of capitalism. Through capitalism the ones who supply raw materials, the farmers the fishermen and other lowly people involved in agriculture are paid less than what they deserve and the ones who buy the materials are over pricing and continuously holding the necks of the proletariat. It’s difficult to move up in the hierarchy of this system to.
Capitalism is detrimental to social justice no matter how we convince ourselves of its posstive effects of it. To minimize if not eradicated capitalism in our country is like a dream that’s as high as Mt. Everest-so difficult to fulfill.
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